Weight | 1 lbs |
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Dimensions | 9 × 5 × 2 in |
host | chicken |
isotype | IgY |
clonality | polyclonal |
concentration | 1 mg/mL |
applications | ICC/IF, IHC, WB |
reactivity | human, mouse, rat |
available sizes | 1 mg, 100 µg, 25 µg |
chicken anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase polyclonal antibody 5799
$100.00 – $2,600.00
Antibody summary
- Chicken polyclonal to Tyrosine Hydroxylase
- Suitable for: WB, ICC/IF, IHC
- Reacts with: human, mouse, rat
- Isotype: IgY
- 100 µg, 25 µg, 1 mg
chicken anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase polyclonal antibody 5799
target relevance |
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Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is an enzyme critical for the synthesis of catecholamines, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. In research, TH has emerged as a vital cell marker, particularly for dopaminergic neurons. Dopaminergic neurons play essential roles in the brain's reward and motor systems and are implicated in various neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. TH immunohistochemistry, aided by specific antibodies targeting TH, allows researchers to identify and visualize dopaminergic neurons and assess their distribution and density in brain tissues. Additionally, these antibodies enable the quantification of TH levels, serving as a valuable tool for studying changes in dopaminergic function under different experimental conditions or in disease states. Furthermore, TH antibodies aid in the identification and analysis of TH-expressing cells in non-neuronal tissues, like the adrenal gland. Click for more on: cell markers and Tyrosine hydroxylase |
Protein names Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16.2) (Tyrosine 3-hydroxylase) (TH) |
Gene names TH,TH TYH |
Protein family Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family |
Mass 58600Da |
Function Catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa), the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cathecolamines, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Uses tetrahydrobiopterin and molecular oxygen to convert tyrosine to L-Dopa (PubMed:17391063, PubMed:1680128, PubMed:15287903, PubMed:8528210, Ref.18, PubMed:34922205, PubMed:24753243). In addition to tyrosine, is able to catalyze the hydroxylation of phenylalanine and tryptophan with lower specificity (By similarity). Positively regulates the regression of retinal hyaloid vessels during postnatal development (By similarity). ; [Isoform 5]: Lacks catalytic activity. ; [Isoform 6]: Lacks catalytic activity. |
Catalytic activity Reaction=(6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-dopa; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:18201, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:15642, ChEBI:CHEBI:57504, ChEBI:CHEBI:58315, ChEBI:CHEBI:59560; EC=1.14.16.2; Evidence=; PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:18202; Evidence=; |
Pathway Catecholamine biosynthesis; dopamine biosynthesis; dopamine from L-tyrosine: step 1/2. |
Subellular location Cytoplasm, perinuclear region Nucleus Cell projection, axon Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle Note=When phosphorylated at Ser-19 shows a nuclear distribution and when phosphorylated at Ser-31 as well at Ser-40 shows a cytosolic distribution (By similarity). Expressed in dopaminergic axons and axon terminals. |
Tissues Mainly expressed in the brain and adrenal glands. |
Structure Homotetramer (Ref.18, PubMed:24947669). Interacts (when phosphorylated at Ser-19) with YWHAG; one YWHAG dimer bounds to one TH tetramer, this interaction may influence the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of other sites (PubMed:24947669). |
Post-translational modification Phosphorylated on Ser-19, Ser-62 and Ser-71 by several protein kinases with different site specificities. Phosphorylation at Ser-62 and Ser-71 leads to an increase of TH activity (PubMed:7901013). Phosphorylation at Ser-71 activates the enzyme and also counteracts the feedback inhibition of TH by catecholamines (PubMed:15287903). Phosphorylation of Ser-19 and Ser-62 triggers the proteasomal degradation of TH through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (By similarity). Phosphorylation at Ser-62 facilitates transport of TH from the soma to the nerve terminals via the microtubule network (PubMed:28637871). Phosphorylation at Ser-19 induces the high-affinity binding to the 14-3-3 protein YWHAG; this interaction may influence the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of other sites (PubMed:24947669). Ser-19 increases the phosphorylation at Ser-71 in a hierarchical manner, leading to increased activity (By similarity). |
Involvement in disease Segawa syndrome autosomal recessive (ARSEGS) [MIM:605407]: A form of DOPA-responsive dystonia presenting in infancy or early childhood. Dystonia is defined by the presence of sustained involuntary muscle contractions, often leading to abnormal postures. Some cases present with parkinsonian symptoms in infancy. Unlike all other forms of dystonia, it is an eminently treatable condition, due to a favorable response to L-DOPA. Note=The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.; Note=May play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). A genome-wide copy number variation analysis has identified a 34 kilobase deletion over the TH gene in a PD patient but not in any controls. |
Target Relevance information above includes information from UniProt accession: P07101 |
The UniProt Consortium |
Data
Publications
Publications
pmid | title | authors | citation |
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36710070 | Methamphetamine induces a low dopamine transporter expressing state without altering the total number of peripheral immune cells. | Adithya Gopinath, Tabish Riaz, Emily Miller, Leah Phan, Aidan Smith, Ohee Syed, Stephen Franks, Luis R Martinez, Habibeh Khoshbouei | Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 133:496-507 |
36260113 | Identification and characterization of novel abdominal and pelvic brown adipose depots in mice. | Ana M Mesa, Theresa I Medrano, Vijay K Sirohi, William H Walker, Richard D Johnson, Sergei G Tevosian, Angie M Adkin, Paul S Cooke | Adipocyte 11:616-629 |
35672374 | DAT and TH expression marks human Parkinson's disease in peripheral immune cells. | Adithya Gopinath, Phillip Mackie, Basil Hashimi, Anna Marie Buchanan, Aidan R Smith, Rachel Bouchard, Gerry Shaw, Martin Badov, Leila Saadatpour, Aryn Gittis, Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora, Michael S Okun, Wolfgang J Streit, Parastoo Hashemi, Habibeh Khoshbouei | NPJ Parkinsons Dis 8:72 |
31634479 | A novel approach to study markers of dopamine signaling in peripheral immune cells. | Adithya Gopinath, Andria Doty, Phillip M Mackie, Basil Hashimi, Madison Francis, Leila Saadatpour, Kaustuv Saha, Gerry Shaw, Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora, Michael S Okun, Wolfgang J Streit, Habibeh Khoshbouei | J Immunol Methods 476:112686 |
21176768 | Tyrosine hydroxylase and regulation of dopamine synthesis. | S Colette Daubner, Tiffany Le, Shanzhi Wang | Arch Biochem Biophys 508:1-12 |
Protocols
relevant to this product |
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Western blot IHC ICC |
Documents
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