Norovirus:
Noroviruses are non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Caliciviridae family. They are highly contagious and are a leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Noroviruses have a round, icosahedral structure and are genetically diverse, with multiple genogroups and genotypes. The virus primarily infects the intestinal epithelium, leading to rapid onset of gastrointestinal symptoms. Transmission occurs mainly through the fecal-oral route, contaminated food or water, and contact with infected individuals or surfaces.

Diseases caused by Norovirus:
Norovirus infection leads to acute gastroenteritis, commonly known as the “stomach flu.” Symptoms typically include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and sometimes fever and headache. Illness usually begins suddenly and lasts 1–3 days. While generally self-limiting in healthy individuals, norovirus can cause severe dehydration and complications in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. Due to its low infectious dose and environmental stability, norovirus is frequently associated with outbreaks in closed or crowded environments, such as cruise ships, nursing homes, and schools.

Detection and Diagnosis of Norovirus:
Diagnosis of norovirus infection is primarily based on clinical presentation during outbreaks; however, laboratory testing is essential for confirmation. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most sensitive and specific method for detecting norovirus RNA in stool samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), like those offered here, are available for detecting norovirus antigens or antibodies and are useful for outbreak investigations and surveillance. Rapid, accurate identification helps control the spread of infection, especially in healthcare and communal settings.