Anaplasma / Ehrlichia:
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia are genera of obligate intracellular, Gram-negative bacteria in the family Anaplasmataceae. These organisms primarily infect white blood cells and are transmitted to humans through tick bites, most commonly from Ixodes and Amblyomma ticks. Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), while Ehrlichia chaffeensis is the main agent responsible for human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME). Both pathogens reside in membrane-bound vacuoles within host leukocytes, where they form characteristic intracellular morulae.

Diseases caused by Anaplasma / Ehrlichia:
Infections with Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species can result in acute febrile illnesses that often resemble other tick-borne diseases. Common symptoms include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and malaise. Laboratory findings may reveal leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver enzymes. Severe cases, particularly in the immunocompromised, elderly, or those with delayed treatment, may progress to respiratory failure, bleeding disorders, or multi-organ failure. While many cases are mild or self-limiting, early antibiotic treatment is critical to prevent complications.

Detection and Diagnosis of Anaplasma / Ehrlichia:
Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory testing. Microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears can reveal morulae in white blood cells but is limited by sensitivity. Molecular detection via PCR is a preferred method due to its high specificity and ability to distinguish between species. Serological tests, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), like those provided here, are commonly used to detect antibodies against Anaplasma or Ehrlichia and are helpful in both clinical and surveillance settings. Confirmatory testing may include immunofluorescence assays (IFA). Early detection enables prompt initiation of doxycycline therapy, which is effective for both HGA and HME.